Earthquakes

Did you know?

During the winter of 1811-12, the Central States were shaken by earthquakes centered near New Madrid, Missouri, that included three of the largest earthquakes in U.S. history.

• The Seattle area sustained a magnitude 7.1 earthquake in 1949, a magnitude 6.5 earthquake in 1965, and the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake in February 2001.
• Alaska experiences more earthquakes than any other part of the country, including a magnitude 8.4 earthquake that occurred on Good Friday in 1964, the second largest earthquake in the world during this century.
• Along the East Coast, damage has resulted from a magnitude 6.5 earthquake off Cape Ann, Massachusetts, in 1755, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake near Charleston, South Carolina in 1886, and a magnitude 7.0 event in the St. Lawrence Valley in 1925.

Extreme Heat

Before Extreme Heat
To prepare for extreme heat, you should:

• Install window air conditioners snugly; insulate if necessary.
• Check air-conditioning ducts for proper insulation.
• Install temporary window reflectors (for use between windows and drapes), such as aluminum foil-covered cardboard, to reflect heat back outside.
• Weather-strip doors and sills to keep cool air in.
• Cover windows that receive morning or afternoon sun with drapes, shades, awnings, or louvers. (Outdoor awnings or louvers can reduce the heat that enters a home by up to 80 percent.)
• Keep storm windows up all year.

Be Aware, Be Prepared
The following are guidelines for what you should do if the weather is extremely hot:

• Stay indoors as much as possible and limit exposure to the sun.
• Stay on the lowest floor out of the sunshine if air conditioning is not available.
• Consider spending the warmest part of the day in public buildings such as libraries, schools, movie theaters, shopping malls, and other community facilities. Circulating air can cool the body by increasing the perspiration rate of evaporation.
• Eat well-balanced, light, and regular meals. Avoid using salt tablets unless directed to do so by a physician.
• Drink plenty of water. Persons who have epilepsy or heart, kidney, or liver disease; are on fluid-restricted diets; or have a problem with fluid retention should consult a doctor before increasing liquid intake.
• Limit intake of alcoholic beverages.
• Dress in loose-fitting, lightweight, and light-colored clothes that cover as much skin as possible.
• Protect face and head by wearing a wide-brimmed hat.
• Check on family, friends, and neighbors who do not have air conditioning and who spend much of their time alone.
• Never leave children or pets alone in closed vehicles.
• Avoid strenuous work during the warmest part of the day. Use a buddy system when working in extreme heat, and take frequent breaks.

Extreme Heat Links

•   FEMA: Extreme Heat
  
•   American Red Cross: Heat Waves
  
•   CDC: Extreme Heat

Heat Wave
Prolonged period of excessive heat, often combined with excessive humidity.

Heat Index
A number in degrees Fahrenheit (F) that tells how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to the air temperature. Exposure to full sunshine can increase the heat index by 15 degrees.

Heat Cramps
Muscular pains and spasms due to heavy exertion. Although heat cramps are the least severe, they are often the first signal that the body is having trouble with the heat.

Heat Exhaustion
Typically occurs when people exercise heavily or work in a hot, humid place where body fluids are lost through heavy sweating. Blood flow to the skin increases, causing blood flow to decrease to the vital organs. This results in a form of mild shock. If not treated, the victim’s condition will worsen. Body temperature will keep rising and the victim may suffer heat stroke.

Heat Stroke
A life-threatening condition. The victim’s temperature control system, which produces sweating to cool the body, stops working. The body temperature can rise so high that brain damage and death may result if the body is not cooled quickly.

Sun Stroke
Another term for heat stroke.

FLOODS

Be Aware, Be Prepared

Did you know...
Flash floods are the Number 1 weather-related killer in the United States.
Six inches of fast-moving water can knock a person off his or her feet.
Two feet of water can float a full-size automobile.
More than half of flood victims are in vehicles that moving water sweeps away.

What to Do During a Flood
Monitor radio, NOAA Weather Radio or television for the latest updates and EAS messages.
Know the flood risks in your community.
If your home is subject to flooding, obtain flood insurance.
Turn around when you come to a flooded area.
Never drive through flooded roads; evacuate a vehicle that is stalled in a flood area.
In the event of a long-term flood event, store drinking water in sterilized bathtubs and other containers.
Do not eat food that has come in contact with flood waters.

Myths and Facts About Flood Insurance

In Georgia, the word “flood” is most often associated with Tropical Storm Alberto, which ravaged areas in the Flint River and Ocmulgee River Basins in 1994, leaving a trail of devastation. This disaster, considered the worst natural catastrophe in the state’s recorded history, resulted in one-third of Georgia counties being declared federal disaster areas.

However, each year devastating flooding occurs in Georgia. Changing weather patterns, coupled with overdevelopment, which reduces the land’s natural ability to absorb water, increases the flood risk for many – even those who do not live near water. In fact, a house in a special flood hazard area has a 26 percent chance of experiencing a flood during the life of a 30-year mortgage, compared to a 5 percent chance of fire. Of all the natural disasters in the United States, 90 percent involve flooding.



Myth 1: Flood insurance is only available to those in high-risk flood zones.

Fact: As long as your community belongs to NFIP (except in Coastal Barrier Resources System areas), you can and should purchase flood insurance. NFIP’s Preferred Risk Policy, designed for properties located in low-to-moderate flood risk zones, is usually available for less than $200 a year. Insurance agents or mortgage lenders who have questions regarding flood insurance may contact NFIP’s Region IV Office at (770) 396-9117.


Myth 2: Federal disaster assistance will pay for flood damage.

Fact: Before a community is eligible for disaster assistance, it must be declared a federal disaster area. The thresholds necessary to meet requirements to qualify for federal assistance are usually not met during localized flooding events. While limited state assistance may be available, it does not cover the damage to your structure or its contents. In addition, if you are uninsured and received federal disaster assistance after a flood, you are required to purchase flood insurance in order to receive disaster relief in the future.


Myth 3: Homeowner insurance policies cover flooding.

Fact: Most homeowner’s policies do not cover damage from flooding. Unfortunately, most homeowners realize this too late. NFIP provides insurance coverage for events traditionally not covered under homeowner’s policies. Flood insurance policyholders should also be aware of the Increased Cost of Compliance coverage, which is designed to help homeowners take steps required to reduce future flood damage to their homes or businesses. The coverage, mandated under the National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994, may pay up to $30,000 to offset costs associated with flood-proofing, elevating, demolishing or relocating buildings that are substantially damaged or subject to repetitive flood loss. Please note that you can purchase NFIP flood coverage at any time, however, there is a 30-day waiting period after you’ve applied and paid the premium.


Myth 4: Flood insurance is only available for homeowners.

Fact: Homeowners, renters and business owners with property in communities that participate in the NFIP can purchase flood insurance to protect homes, condominiums, apartments and non-residential structures, including commercial structures.


Myth 5: NFIP coverage is available statewide.

Fact: NFIP coverage is only available to communities participating in NFIP. Find out if your community is a member by calling your insurance company or by calling NFIP at 1-888-RAIN or (924) 724-6924. You may also view a list of participating Georgia communities at www.fema.gov/cis/ga.pdf.

Communities that agree to manage flood hazard areas by adopting minimal standards can participate in NFIP. If a community does not participate in the program, property owners will be unable to purchase federally backed flood insurance. If your community is not participating, contact your local government leaders to express your interest in the program.


Myth 6: Making claims against your flood insurance policy will result in your rates being increased or policy cancelled.

Fact: Rates are set by federal government each year and cannot go up. Policies cannot be cancelled.


Myth 7 Only residents located in high risk flood zones should insure their property.

Fact: Since flooding can be caused by heavy rains, inadequate drainage systems, failed dams, or tropical storms and hurricanes, purchasing flood insurance is advised even if you live in an area that is not flood-prone. One-third of NFIP’s claims come from outside special flood hazard areas. NFIP’s Preferred Risk Policy, available for as little as $80 per year, is designed for residential properties located in low to moderate flood-risk zones. To determine if your property is located in a floodplain, contact your city or county government building or planning department or the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division’s Floodplain Management Office at
(404) 656-6382.


Myth 8: You can’t buy flood insurance if your property has been flooded.

Fact: It doesn’t matter if your property has been flooded. You are still eligible to purchase flood insurance provided your community is participating in NFIP. In fact, to get secured financing to buy, build or improve structures in Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHA), you will be required to purchase flood insurance. Lending institutions that are federally regulated or federally insured must determine if the structure is located in a SFHA and must provide written notice requiring flood insurance.


Myth 9: Federal flood insurance can only be purchased directly through the NFIP.

Fact: Federal flood insurance is sold and serviced directly through NFIP or through a write-your-own (WYO) company. WYO companies write and service policies on a non-risk bearing basis through a special arrangement with the Federal Insurance Administration. Review participating companies in Georgia at www.floodsmart.gov.


Myth 10: Flood insurance is expensive.

Fact: The average flood insurance premium in Georgia is under $500 a year. Your specific premium will be determined by such factors as where you live, how much coverage you choose, the age, elevation and structure of your home, the building occupancy, and the deductible. This is much more affordable than payments for disaster loans or the costs of removing flood debris and repairing and replacing carpet, drywall and electrical systems. Additional information on NFIP may be found at www.floodsmart.gov.

Hazardous Materials

Be Aware, Be Prepared

What are Hazardous Materials?
Hazardous materials are chemical substances, which if released or misused can pose a threat to the environment or health. These chemicals are used in industry, agriculture, medicine, research, and consumer goods. Hazardous materials come in the form of explosives, flammable and combustible substances, poisons, and radioactive materials. These substances are most often released as a result of transportation accidents or because of chemical accidents in plants.

Did you know...
Most victims of chemical accidents are injured at home. These incidents usually result from ignorance or carelessness in using flammable or combustible materials.

More than 30 states have passed laws giving workers and citizens access to information about hazardous substances in their workplaces and communities.

As many as 500,000 products pose physical or health hazards and can be defined as "hazardous chemicals." Each year, over 1,000 new synthetic chemicals are introduced.

The Department of Transportation regulates routes and speed limits used by carriers and monitors the types of hazardous materials crossing state lines.

In an average city of 100,000 residents, 23.5 tons of toilet bowl cleaner, 13.5 tons of liquid household cleaners, and 3.5 tons of motor oil are discharged into city drains each month.

How To Prepare

All Georgians should have some basic supplies on hand in order to survive for at least three days if an emergency occurs. Following is a list of some basic items that every disaster supplies kit should include. However, it is important that individuals review this list and consider where they live and the unique needs of their family in order to create an emergency supply kit that will meet these needs. Individuals should also consider having at least two emergency supply kits, one full kit at home and smaller portable kits in their workplace, vehicle or other places they spend time.

Recommended Items to Include in a Basic Disaster Suppliles Kit:

• Water, one gallon of water per person per day for at least three days, for drinking and sanitation
• Food, at least a three-day supply of non-perishable food
• Battery-powered or hand crank radio and a NOAA Weather Radio with tone alert and extra batteries for both
• Flashlight and extra batteries
• First aid kit
• Whistle to signal for help
• Dust mask, to help filter contaminated air and plastic sheeting and duct tape to shelter-in-place
• Moist towelettes, garbage bags and plastic ties for personal sanitation
• Wrench or pliers to turn off utilities
• Can opener for food (if kit contains canned food)
• Local maps


Additional Items to Consider Adding to a Disaster Supplies Kit:

• Prescription medications and glasses
• Infant formula and diapers
• Pet food and extra water for your pet
• Important family documents such as copies of insurance policies, identification and bank account records in a waterproof, portable container. You can use the EFFAK (Emergency Financial First Aid Kit) developed by Operation Hope, FEMA and Citizen Corps to help you organize your information
• Cash or traveler's checks and change
• Emergency reference material such as a first aid book or information from www.ready.gov
• Sleeping bag or warm blanket for each person. Consider additional bedding if you live in a cold-weather climate.
• Complete change of clothing including a long sleeved shirt, long pants and sturdy shoes. Consider additional clothing if you live in a cold-weather climate.
• Household chlorine bleach and medicine dropper - When diluted nine parts water to one part bleach, bleach can be used as a disinfectant. Or in an emergency, you can use it to treat water by using 16 drops of regular household liquid bleach per gallon of water. Do not use scented, color safe or bleaches with added cleaners.
• Fire Extinguisher
• Matches in a waterproof container - Feminine supplies and personal hygiene items
• Mess kits, paper cups, plates and plastic utensils, paper towels
• Paper and pencil
• Books, games, puzzles or other activities for children

Develop a Family Disaster Plan

Where will your family be when disaster strikes? How will you find each other? Will you know if your children are safe? Disasters may force you to evacuate your neighborhood or confine you to your home. What would you do if basic services – water, gas, electricity or telephones – were cut off?

Families should prepare for all hazards affecting their particular geographical area. The first step is to develop a family disaster plan.

Gather information about hazards. In addition to your local emergency management agency (EMA), contact the nearest National Weather Service (NWS) office or the American Red Cross. Find out what type of disasters are most likely to occur and how you should respond. Learn your community’s warning signals and evacuation plans.

Meet with your family to create a plan. Discuss the information you have gathered. Pick two places to meet: a spot right outside your home for an emergency, such as fire, and a place away from your neighborhood in case you cannot return home. Choose an out-of-state friend or relative as your “family check-in contact” for everyone to call if the family gets separated. Discuss what you would do if advised to evacuate.

Implement your plan.
1. Post emergency contact numbers in a central location.
2. Install safety features in your house, such as smoke detectors and fire extinguishers.
3. Inspect your home for potential hazards, such as items that can move, fall, break or catch fire, and correct them.
4. Have your family learn basic safety measures, such as Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and first aid, how to use a fire extinguisher and how and when to turn off water, gas and electricity in your home.
5. Teach children how and when to call 9-1-1 or your local emergency medical services number.
6. Keep enough supplies in your home to meet your needs for at least three days.
7. Assemble a disaster supplies kit with items you may need in case of an evacuation. Store these supplies in sturdy, easy-to-carry containers, such as backpacks or duffel bags. Keep important family documents in a waterproof container.

In addition, keep a smaller disaster supplies kit in the trunk of your car. A disaster supplies should include at lease a three-day supply of water (one gallon per person per day) and food that will not spoil; one change of clothing and footwear per person; one blanket or sleeping bag per person; a first aid kit (including prescription medicines); emergency tools (including a battery-powered National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] weather radio and a portable radio, flashlight and plenty of extra batteries); an extra set of car keys and cash; and special items for infant, elderly or disabled family members.

Practice and maintain your plan. Ask questions to make sure your family remembers meeting places, phone numbers and safety rules. Conduct drills. Test your smoke detectors monthly and change the batteries at least once a year. Test and recharge your fire extinguishers according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Replace stored water and food every six months.

For more information, contact your local EMA, call GEMA toll-free in Georgia at 1-800-TRY-GEMA or visit the nearest American Red Cross chapter.

Include Pets in Your Disaster Preparations

Many people consider pets to be part of their family. Make sure to include pets in your disaster preparations.

If you evacuate, do not leave your pets behind. Pets cannot survive on their own. However, if you are going to a public shelter, it is important to understand that animals may not be allowed inside. Plan in advance for shelter alternatives that will work for both you and your pets. Call ahead to motels and hotels and shelters in safe areas to find out if they will allow you to bring your pets.

Fasten an up-to-date identification tag on your pet’s collar, and make sure you have a secure pet carrier and leash to ensure your pet can’t escape.

Assemble a portable pet disaster supplies kit. Include
• Medications and veterinary records (stored in a waterproof container) and a first aid kit.
• Current photos of your pets in case they get lost.
• Food, potable water, bowls, cat litter/pan, and can opener.
• Information on feeding schedules, medical conditions, behavior problems, and the name and number of your veterinarian in case you have to foster or board your pets.
• Pet beds and toys, if easily transportable.

NEVER leave your pet chained outside.

People with Disabilities and Other Special Needs

Create a support network to help in an emergency. Tell these people where you keep your emergency supplies. Give one member of your support network a key to your house or apartment.

Contact your city or county government's emergency information management office. Many local offices keep lists of people with disabilities so they can be located quickly in a sudden emergency.

Wear medical alert tags or bracelets to help identify your disability.

If you are dependent on dialysis or other life sustaining treatment, know the location and availability of more than one facility.

Show others how to operate your wheelchair.

Know the size and weight of your wheelchair, in addition to whether or not it is collapsible, in case it has to be transported.

Additional supplies for people with disabilities:
• Prescription medicines, list of medications including dosage, list of any allergies.
• Extra eyeglasses and hearing-aid batteries.
• Extra wheelchair batteries, oxygen.
• Keep a list of the style and serial number of medical devices.
• Medical insurance and Medicare cards.
• List of doctors, relatives or friends who should be notified if you are hurt.

Hurricanes

2006 Georgia Hurricane Plan

The Georgia Emergency Management Agency (GEMA) is committed to reducing the
vulnerability of Georgia’s counties to hurricane related hazards. The Georgia Hurricane
Plan, Georgia Emergency Operation Plan Incident Annex A, has been developed to
ensure that the state is prepared and will respond in a well-coordinated and effective
manner to a tropical storm or hurricane.

The Georgia Hurricane Plan utilizes Operating Conditions or “OPCONS” for response to
tropical events. This is a phased approach to preparedness, awareness, watch and
warning, evacuation, and re-entry. The Plan also includes the essential steps to
planning, emergency support functions, evacuation and re-entry procedures, as well as
recommendations for future hurricane planning activities.

The Georgia Hurricane Plan has been designed to provide guidance for each
community’s hurricane/tropical event plan. For an emergency plan to remain effective,
it must be reviewed by all counties and exercised annually. The State of Georgia will
treat the Georgia Hurricane Plan as a living document and make revisions as needed.
Information related to meteorology, evacuation and re-entry procedures, as well as
various mitigation projects, will be appended to this document as they are developed.

The Georgia Hurricane Plan has been created with the support of the following
agencies and organizations: American Red Cross, Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) including
local National Weather Service (NWS) Forecast Offices, National Hurricane Center
(Tropical Prediction Center), U.S. Department of Transportation, various state agencies
and local governments.

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Please be mindful that in order to read this document, your computer must have Adobe
Acrobat Reader 7.0 installed. This document may be downloaded online in its
entirety from here.

3D Hurricane Images

Data from NOAA GOES satellite. Images produced by Hal Pierce and Dennis Chesters, Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.











Be Aware, Be Prepared

Hurricane Action Checklist

Here is a list of the many things to consider be fore, during and after a hurricane. Some of the safety rules will make things easier for you during a hurricane. All are important and could help save your life and the lives of others.

Stay or Leave?

When a hurricane threatens your area, you will have to make the decision whether you should evacuate or whether you can ride out the storm in safety at home.If local authorities recommend evacuation, you should leave! Their advice is based on knowledge of the strength of the storm and its potential for death and destruction.


In general:

• If you live on the coastline or offshore islands, plan to leave.
• If you live near a river or in a flood plain, plan to leave.
• If you live on high ground, away from coastal beaches, consider staying. In any case, the ultimate decision to stay or leave will be yours. Study the following list and carefully consider the factors involved especially the items pertaining to storm surge.

At Beginning of Hurricane Season (June) Make Plans for Action:

• Learn the storm surge history and elevation of your area
• Learn safe routes inland
• Learn location of official shelters
• Determine where to move your boat in an emergency
• Trim back dead wood from trees
• Check for loose rain gutters and down spouts
• If shutters do not protect windows stock boards to cover glass.

When a Hurricane Watch is Issued for Your Area:

• Check often for official bulletins on radio, TV, or NOAA Weather Radio
• Fuel car
• Check mobile home tie-downs
• Moor small craft or move to safe shelter
• Stock up on canned provisions
• Check supplies of special medicines and drugs
• Check batteries for radio and flashlights
• Secure lawn furniture and other loose material outdoors
• Board or shutter windows to prevent shattering
• Wedge sliding glass doors to prevent their lifting from their tracks

When a Hurricane Warning is Issued for Your Area:

• Stayed turned to radio, TV, or NOAA Weather Radio for official bulletins
• Stay home if sturdy and on high ground Board up garage and porch doors
• Move valuables to upper floors
• Bring in pets
• Fill containers (bathtub) with several days supply of drinking water
• Turn up refrigerator to maximum cold and don't open unless necessary
• Use phone only for emergencies
• Stay indoors on the downwind side of house away from windows
• Beware of the eye of the hurricane
• Leave mobile homes
• Leave areas which might be affected by storm tide or stream flooding
• Leave early in daylight if possible
• Shut off water and electricity at main stations
• Take small valuables and papers but travel light
• Leave food and water for pets (shelters will not take them)
• Lock up house
• Drive carefully to nearest designated shelter using recommended evacuation routes.

After the All-Clear is Given:

• Drive carefully; watch for dangling electrical wires, undermined roads, flooded low spots
• Don't sight-see
• Report broken or damaged water, sewer, and electrical lines
• Use caution re-entering home
• Check for gas leaks
• Check food and water for spoilage

Hurricane Preparedness Web site links

• NOAA 2006 Hurricane Predictions
• National Hurricane Center
• National Weather Service
• American Red Cross
• American Red Cross - En Espanol
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
• FEMA 2006 Hurricane Information
• Ready.gov
• Federal Alliance for Safe Homes
• Weather.com
• 72hours.org

Hurricane Terms to Know

Tropical Depression: An organized system of clouds and thunderstorms with a defined circulation and maximum sustained winds of 38 mph.

Tropical Storm: An organized system of strong thunderstorms with a defined circulation and maximum sustained winds of 39 to 73 mph.

Hurricane: An intense tropical weather system with a well-defined circulation and maximum sustained winds of 74 mph or higher.

Storm Surge: A large dome of water topped by waves that sweeps across the coastline near where a hurricane makes landfall.

Tropical Storm Watch: Tropical Storm conditions are possible within 36 hours.

Tropical Storm Warning: Tropical Storm conditions are expected within 24 hours.

Hurricane Watch: Hurricane conditions are possible in your area within 36 hours.

Hurricane Warning: Hurricane conditions are expected in your area within 24 hours.
Complete all storm preparations and evacuate if directed by local officials.

Names for Atlantic Storms 2005 - 2007

Prepare your Pets for Disasters

Pets and Disaster: Be Prepared

The following information has been prepared by the Humane Society of the United States in cooperation with the American Red Cross. Our pets enrich our lives in more ways than we can count. In turn, they depend on us for their safety and well-being. Here's how you can be prepared to protect your pets when disaster strikes.

Be Prepared with a Disaster Plan
The best way to protect your family from the effects of a disaster is to have a disaster plan. If you are a pet owner, that plan must include your pets. Being prepared can save their lives.Different disasters require different responses. But whether the disaster is a hurricane or a hazardous spill, you may have to evacuate your home.

In the event of a disaster, if you must evacuate, the most important thing you can do to protect your pets is to evacuate them, too. Leaving pets behind, even if you try to create a safe place for them, is likely to result in their being injured, lost, or worse. So prepare now for the day when you and your pets may have to leave your home.

Have a Safe Place To Take Your Pets
Red Cross disaster shelters cannot accept pets because of states' health and safety regulations and other considerations. Service animals who assist people with disabilities are the only animals allowed in Red Cross shelters. It may be difficult, if not impossible, to find shelter for your animals in the midst of a disaster, so plan ahead. Do not wait until disaster strikes to do your research.

Contact hotels and motels outside your immediate area to check policies on accepting pets and restrictions on number, size, and species. Ask if "no pet" policies could be waived in an emergency. Keep a list of "pet friendly" places, including phone numbers, with other disaster information and supplies. If you have notice of an impending disaster, call ahead for reservations.

Ask friends, relatives, or others outside the affected area whether they could shelter your animals. If you have more than one pet, they may be more comfortable if kept together, but be prepared to house them separately.

Prepare a list of boarding facilities and veterinarians who could shelter animals in an emergency; include 24-hour phone numbers.
Ask local animal shelters if they provide emergency shelter or foster care for pets in a disaster. Animal shelters may be overburdened caring for the animals they already have as well as those displaced by a disaster, so this should be your last resort.

Public Radio stations

Please visit the Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB) Web site for list of radio stations which may provide evacuation information in the event of an emergency.

Click here to view GPB radio coverage map.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

All Hurricanes are dangerous, but some are more powerful than others. The way storm surge, wind and other factors combine determines the hurricanes destructive power. To make comparisons easier and to make the predicted hazards of approaching hurricanes clearer to emergency forces, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's hurricane forecasters use a disaster-potential scale which assigns storms to five categories. This can be used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast with a hurricane.

Nuclear

Did you know...

Although the construction and operation of these facilities are closely monitored and regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), accidents are possible. An accident could result in dangerous levels of radiation that could affect the health and safety of the public living near the nuclear power plant.

Local and state governments, federal agencies, and the electric utilities have emergency response plans in the event of a nuclear power plant incident. The plans define two “emergency planning zones.” One zone covers an area within a 10-mile radius of the plant, where it is possible that people could be harmed by direct radiation exposure. The second zone covers a broader area, usually up to a 50-mile radius from the plant, where radioactive materials could contaminate water supplies, food crops, and livestock.

The potential danger from an accident at a nuclear power plant is exposure to radiation. This exposure could come from the release of radioactive material from the plant into the environment, usually characterized by a plume (cloud-like formation) of radioactive gases and particles. The major hazards to people in the vicinity of the plume are radiation exposure to the body from the cloud and particles deposited on the ground, inhalation of radioactive materials, and ingestion of radioactive materials.

Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are unstable. An unstable atom gives off its excess energy until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is radiation. Each of us is exposed to radiation daily from natural sources, including the Sun and the Earth. Small traces of radiation are present in food and water. Radiation also is released from man-made sources such as X-ray machines, television sets, and microwave ovens. Radiation has a cumulative effect. The longer a person is exposed to radiation, the greater the effect. A high exposure to radiation can cause serious illness or death.

Although the risk of a chemical accident is slight, knowing how to handle these products and how to react during an emergency can reduce the risk of injury.

Minimizing Exposure to Radiation
Distance - The more distance between you and the source of the radiation, the better. This could be evacuation or remaining indoors to minimize exposure.

Shielding - The more heavy, dense material between you and the source of the radiation, the better

Time - Most radioactivity loses its strength fairly quickly.

If an accident at a nuclear power plant were to release radiation in your area, local authorities would activate warning sirens or another approved alert method. They also would instruct you through the Emergency Alert System (EAS) on local television and radio stations on how to protect yourself.

How Will You Be Informed About A Radiological Emergency?

If there is a nuclear power plant in your local area, you will be notified in one or more of the following ways:

• Your NOAA weather radio will warn you.

• Your local radio and TV stations will broadcast a warning.
• In boating and recreational areas surrounding a nuclear power plant, local emergency officials will sound sirens and/or use loudspeakers to warn visitors.
• Emergency workers and local officials will contact persons as needed. In the event of an emergency call 1-800-262-5283 or check www.georgiapower.com for any rumors you may hear. This phone number and address will only be active during an emergency.

Nuclear Terms to Know

Familiarize yourself with these terms to help identify a nuclear power plant emergency:

Notification of Unusual Event
A small problem has occurred at the plant. No radiation leak is expected. No action on your part will be necessary.

Alert
A small problem has occurred, and small amounts of radiation could leak inside the plant. This will not affect you and no action is required.

Site Area Emergency
Area sirens may be sounded. Listen to your radio or television for safety information.

General Emergency
Radiation could lake outside the plant and off the plant site. The sirens will sound. Tune to your local radio or television station for reports. Be prepared to follow instructions promptly.

Terrorism

Be Aware, Be Prepared

Did You Know …

• Terrorism has been around as a major political and religious tactic against governments as long as recorded history.
• The word "terrorism" traces its roots in the English language to the French Revolution (1789-1795), when British statesman Edmund Burke used the term to describe the actions of the Jacobin-dominated French government.
• Before the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York and the Pentagon, most terrorist incidents in the U.S. have been bombing attacks, involving detonated and undetonated explosive devices, tear gas and pipe and fire bombs.
• Most terrorist incidents in the U.S. have involved small extremist groups that use terrorism to achieve a designated objective. Local, state and federal law enforcement officials monitor suspected terrorist groups and try to prevent or protect against a suspected attack. In addition, the U.S. government works with other countries to limit the sources of support for terrorism.

• Is the threat credible?
• Is the threat corroborated?
• Is the threat specific and/or imminent?
• How grave is the threat?

• Before visiting a foreign country, research the safety and political nature of the country, specifically against Americans.
• Leave a detailed itinerary of your trip with a trusted friend or loved one.
• Do not bring unnecessary attention to yourself, such as wearing patriotic symbols or clothing, expensive jewelry, etc. that may make you a target.
• Be alert and aware of your surroundings and any conspicuous or unusual behavior.
• Do not accept packages from strangers. Do not leave your luggage unattended.
• Learn where emergency exits are located. Think ahead about how to evacuate a building, subway or congested public area in a hurry. Learn where staircases are located.
• Be aware of heavy or breakable objects nearby that could move, fall or break in an explosion.

If There is a Terrorism Incident . . .

Follow the advice of local emergency officials.

• Take immediate action to get away from danger (chemicals, explosions, falling debris, etc.).
• Check for injuries, if a disaster occurs near you. Give first aid and get help for seriously injured people.
• Watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for official news and information including what the signs and symptoms of the disease or sickness are, if medications or vaccinations are being distributed and where you should seek medical attention if you become sick.
• Confine or secure your pets.
• Call your family contact—do not use the telephone again unless it is a life-threatening emergency.
• Check on your neighbors, especially those who are elderly or disabled.

• At the time of the declared biological emergency, if a family member becomes sick, it is important to become suspicious.
• Do not automatically assume you should go to the hospital emergency room or that any illness is the result of a biological attack.
• Symptoms of many common illnesses are often similar (fever, nausea, fatigue, headache, etc.).
• Use common sense, practice good hygiene and cleanliness to avoid spreading germs.
• Watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for official news and information including what the signs and symptoms are, if medications or vaccinations are being distributed and where you should seek medical attention if you become sick.

• If your eyes are watering, your skin is stinging, and you are having trouble breathing, you may have been exposed to a chemical.
• If you think you may have been exposed to a chemical, take your clothes off immediately and wash as soon as possible.
• Look for a hose, fountain, or any source of water, and wash with soap if possible, being sure not to scrub the chemical into your skin.
• Seek emergency medical attention.

• If you are outside and there is an explosion or authorities warn of a radiation release nearby, cover your nose and mouth and quickly go inside a building that has not been damaged. If you are already inside check to see if your building has been damaged. If your building is stable, stay where you are.
• Close windows and doors and turn off air conditioners, heaters or other ventilation systems.
• If you are inside and there is an explosion near where you are or you are warned of a radiation release inside, cover nose and mouth and go outside immediately. Look for a building or other shelter that has not been damaged and quickly get inside.
• Once you are inside, close windows and doors; turn off air conditioners, heaters or other ventilation systems.
• If you think you have been exposed to radiation, take off your clothes and wash as soon as possible.
• Stay where you are, watch TV, listen to the radio, or check the Internet for official news as it becomes available.

Lightning Links

NWS Lightning safety

What is a Thunderstorm?

A thunderstorm is formed from a combination of moisture, rapidly rising warm air and a force capable of lifting air such as a warm and cold front, a sea breeze or a mountain. All thunderstorms contain lightning. Thunderstorms may occur singly, in clusters or in lines. Thus, it is possible for several thunderstorms to affect one location in the course of a few hours. Some of the most severe weather occurs when a single thunderstorm affects one location for an extended time.

What is Lightning?

Lightning is an electrical discharge that results from the buildup of positive and negative charges within a thunderstorm. When the buildup becomes strong enough, lightning appears as a "bolt." This flash of light usually occurs within the clouds or between the clouds and the ground. A bolt of lightning reaches a temperature approaching 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit in a split second. The rapid heating and cooling of air near the lightning causes thunder.

Tornado

Be Aware, Be Prepared

Did you know …

• Tornadoes can generate wind speeds of more than 250 mph.
• A tornado's damage path can be more than a mile wide and 50 miles in length.
• Tornadoes are most likely to occur between 3:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.

What to Do

• Monitor radio, NOAA Weather Radio or television for the latest updates and EAS messages.
• If a warning is issued or a tornado is imminent, move to a shelter such as a basement or interior hallway.
• If outside, seek shelter in a safe building, ditch or low area.
• Do not remain in, or take shelter in, mobile homes.
• Do not try to outrun a tornado in a vehicle or remain in a vehicle during a tornado – take shelter in a ditch or low area.

Tornado Watches and Warnings

It is important to be aware of the severe weather advisories that are issued by the National Weather Service, including tornado watches and warnings. Severe thunderstorm advisories are also important because those storms can generate tornadoes. Remain alert to signs of an approaching tornado and seek shelter if threatening conditions exist.

TORNADO WATCH: Tornadoes are possible in your area. Remain alert for approaching storms.

TORNADO WARNING: A tornado has been sighted or indicated by weather radar. If a tornado warning is issued for your area and the sky becomes threatening, move to your predesignated place of safety.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WATCH: Severe thunderstorms are possible in your area.

SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING: Severe thunderstorms are occurring.

Tornadoes: An Overview

Georgia is vulnerable to a range of severe and potentially life-threatening weather, including tornadoes. Over the past 50 years, a total of 1,220 tornadoes were reported in Georgia, including 33 in the year 2000. While tornadoes have occurred in every month of the year in Georgia, the months of March through May are the most active period of tornado activity in the state.

Our experience in Georgia is not unique, however, and is similar to that of many other states. Although tornadoes occur in many parts of the world, these powerful and destructive forces of nature are found most frequently in the eastern two-thirds of the Unites States. While they mainly occur during the spring and summer months, usually between the hours of 3:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., they can, in fact, occur at any time of the day at any time of year. In an average year, 800 tornadoes are reported nationwide, resulting in 80 deaths and more than 1,500 injuries.

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction with wind speeds of 250 mph or more. Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide and 50 miles long. Tornadoes typically move from southwest to northeast at an average forward speed of 30 mph, but they can sometimes be dangerously unpredictable and move in any direction. This underscores the importance of closely monitoring severe weather advisories and knowing what you would do and where you would take shelter in the event that a tornado threatens.

Tornadoes are generally produced by thunderstorms, which develop in warm, moist air in advance of eastward-moving cold fronts. These thunderstorms can be dangerous, producing heavy rains, damaging straight-line winds and hail. The most treacherous ones can generate tornadoes. Occasionally, large outbreaks of multiple tornadoes can develop from these systems. Tornadoes can also be generated hundreds of miles inland by hurricanes and tropical storms, for up to a day after they make landfall.

Advances in technology, such as Doppler radar, have steadily improved tornado forecasting over the years, and the warning time has improved. But radar has its limitations and the terrain in many parts of Georgia, particularly the northern part of the state, also makes it difficult to clearly identify a developing tornado and issue a timely warning.

Contrary to what is often reported, tornadoes do not “skip.” In order to be classified as a tornado, the rotating vortex must be in contact with both the cloud base and the ground. Funnel clouds, which appear to skip, are technically separate tornadoes. Many reports of skipping tornadoes are often the result of weak storms that do not leave a continuous path of visible damage or so multiple tornadoes with only a brief separation.

The size or shape of a tornado has no relationship to its intensity or capacity to cause damage. Some of the smallest tornadoes on record have been classified as F-4 or F-5 and have caused catastrophic destruction. Some large tornadoes, on the other hand, have caused virtually no damage.

Far too many people tend to think of the Wizard of Oz or the movie “Twister” when they picture a tornado, but this conjures up an image that is not always accurate. A tornado does not necessarily have a well-defined funnel. A tornado’s funnel cloud is often obscured by debris, heavy rain or a low cloud. The appearance of a tornado can also vary depending on the direction from which it is being viewed or where it is surrounded by heavy precipitation. Georgia and southern tornadoes differ from their Midwestern cousins in that they do not stay on the ground as long, their funnels are not as clearly defined, and they are harder to distinguish because of the rolling terrain.

During tornado “season,” it is important to pay close attention to severe weather advisories. But there are other signs that a tornado may be approaching including the onset of large hail, a noticeable wall cloud, a loud roar, or a sickly greenish colored sky.

Although heavy wind damage is commonly associated with tornadoes, not all windstorms are actually tornadoes. Damage destruction is often caused by straight-line winds.

Winter Weather

Be Aware, Be Prepared

Did you know...

• Winter storms are considered “deceptive killers” because most deaths are indirectly related to the storm.
• Seventy percent of fatalities related to ice and snow occur in automobiles, and approximately 25 percent of all winter-related fatalities are people caught off-guard in the storm.
• Prolonged exposure to extreme cold can cause frostbit or hypothermia.
• Powerful winter storms can also have thunderstorms associated with them. These storms can dump as much as three inches of snow or one inch of ice in an hour.

What to Do During a Winter Storm

• Monitor radio/TV or NOAA Weather Radio.
• Stay inside. Long exposure to cold increases the risk of frostbite or hypothermia.
• If you must go out, dress in layers.
• If you suspect frostbite or hypothermia, begin warming the person slowly and seek immediate medical assistance. Arms and legs should be warmed last because stimulation of the limbs can drive cold blood toward the heart and lead to heart failure. Put the person in dry clothing and wrap their entire body in a blanket. Never give a frostbite or hypothermia victim alcohol or caffeine.
• Avoid overexertion. The strain from the cold may cause a heart attack and sweating could lead to a chill and hypothermia.
• Keep your gas tank at least half full.
• Drive with caution and carry a disaster supplies kit in your trunk.
• Have an alternative emergency heating source, such as a fireplace or wood stove. Use appropriate safeguards and have proper ventilation.
• Make sure your home is properly insulated.
• To keep pipes from freezing, wrap pipes in insulation or layers of old newspapers, cover the newspapers with plastic to keep out moisture, let faucets drip a little to avoid freezing, and know how to shut off water valves.

Winter Storms - Terms to Know

Sleet: Rain: drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground. Sleet can accumulate but does not stick.

Freezing Rain: Defined as rain occurring when the surface temperatures are below freezing (32 degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius). The moisture falls in liquid form, but freezes upon impact, resulting in a coating of ice glaze on exposed objects.

Freezing Rain Advisory: This product is issued by the National Weather Service when freezing rain or freezing drizzle causes significant inconveniences, but does not meet warning criteria (normally an ice accumulation of 1/4 inch or greater) and if caution is not exercised, it could lead to life-threatening situations.

Ice Storm Warning: This product is issued by the National Weather Service when freezing rain produces a significant and possibly damaging accumulation of ice. The criteria for this warning vary from state to state.

Winter Weather Advisory: This product is issued by the National Weather Service when a low pressure system produces a combination of winter weather (snow, freezing rain, sleet, etc.) that present a hazard, but does not meet warning criteria. In this case, snowfall does not have to reach Snow Advisory Criteria. The criteria for this advisory can vary from place to place.

Winter Storm Watch: This product is issued by the National Weather Service when there is a potential of very heavy snow. The criteria for this watch can vary from place to place.

Winter Storm Warning: This product is issued by the National Weather Service when a winter storm is producing very heavy snow. The criteria for this warning can vary from place to place.

Snow Advisory: This product is issued by the National Weather Service when a low pressure system produces snow that may cause significant inconveniences but do not meet warning criteria and if caution is not exercised could lead to life threatening situations. The advisory criterion varies from area to area. In Michigan, the criteria for its issuance is a snow event that is forecasted to produce snow (average of forecast range) greater than 3 inches, but less than warning criteria (6 inches in Lower Michigan and 8 inches in Upper Michigan) in 12 hours. If the forecaster feels that it is warranted, he or she can issued it for amounts less than the minimum criteria. For example, it may be issued for the first snow of the season or when snow has not fallen in long while

Frostbite: A severe reaction to cold exposure that can cause permanent harm. A loss of feeling and a white or pale appearance in fingers, toes, nose or earlobes are symptoms of frostbite.

Hypothermia: A condition brought on when the body temperature drops to less than 95°F. Symptoms of hypothermia include uncontrollable shivering, slow speech, memory lapses, frequent stumbling, drowsiness, and exhaustion. Hypothermia is not always fatal, but for those who survive there are likely to be lasting kidney, liver and pancreas problems.

Winter Weather Links

National Weather Service

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